What is an executive order?

An executive order is indeed a directive issued by the president. This mechanism allows the president to manage the operations of the federal government and implement laws or policies without the need for congressional approval. Executive orders can cover a wide range of issues, including national security, foreign affairs, and domestic policies, and they have the force of law as long as they are rooted in the president's constitutional or statutory authority.

The other choices highlight different aspects of governmental processes, but they do not accurately describe an executive order. For example, a law passed by Congress is a legislative action that requires both houses to reach an agreement and obtain the president's signature to become law. A court ruling refers to the decisions made by the judiciary, which interpret laws and handle disputes, while a public referendum involves the electorate voting directly on specific legislative measures or constitutional amendments. Each of these processes represents distinct functions within the government that do not equate to the issuance of an executive order.